There is a bleak relationship between liberalism and colonialism Essay

There is a grim connection among radicalism and imperialism - Essay Example Expansionism prompts barbarities where radicalism is missing. Elkins recognizes that British imperialism in Kenya didn't give locals right and access to luxuries (Elkins 2011: 7374). The arrangement of administration utilized established torment and savagery to guarantee that Kenyans complied with the framework. Also, the utilization of military specialists to manage Mau radicals utilized thepower that denied Kenya access to opportunity. The military government got support from the high authorities in the frontier government. The unlawful utilization of power to decide Kenya affirms that radicalism can't flourish where expansionism is polished. Elkins uncovers that the five complainants required hard proof for them to win the case. One of the archives that were utilized incorporates Hanslope Disclosure, and it was utilized to report instances of savagery and detainment. The act of imperialism during British Empire in Kenya prompted passings in any event 1,000 Mau suspects through han ging. Carrying frontier warlords to equity allows the previous settlements a feeling of self-completion. Notwithstanding, the warlords out up a battle and annihilate any proof that can discover that they perpetrated monstrosities that slighted human rights. One of the regular procedures that are utilized to look for compromise among imperialism and radicalism is therapeutic equity. Elkins contends that progressivism gets through the procedure of remedial equity (Elkins 2011: 736). Mau suspects and supporters were kept in the midst of gigantic open help and fights.

Microbiology Biofilm Associated Infections

Question: A 83-year-elderly person was admitted to the emergency clinic following a fever and hypotensive scene while at a nursing home. The patient had a clinical history of rheumatoid joint inflammation, hypertension, atrioventricular square, gastroesophageal reflux infection, profound vein apoplexy with aspiratory embolism, and wretchedness. The patient likewise had a past filled with intermittent prosthetic left knee joint contaminations resulting to the all out knee arthroplasty 2 years sooner. Vancomycin-safe enterococcus (VRE), Enterococcus faecium, was the prevail living being detached from synovial liquid taken from her knee. The patient was put on different antimicrobial regimens with various corrections. The course of her ailment was convoluted by pancytopenia, no doubt brought about by injury deep down marrow, perhaps from a medication response. At this confirmation, blood and synovial liquid societies were gathered. The patient was given antimicrobial treatment and steady consider ation, however her condition declined and comfort quantifies just were initiated. At the point when the patient kicked the bucket, a dissection was mentioned by the family. The last pathologic analyses were: (a) nonhealing interminable injury disease (due to VRE) related with prosthetic left knee joint and clinical history of sepsis; (b) pneumonic edema and pleural and peritoneal radiations; (c) aspiratory vascular calcifications and cardiomegaly. Think about the accompanying issues. 1. The job and criticalness of biofilms in irresistible infections . 2. Outcomes of untreated biofilm illnesses. 3. Regardless of whether standard lab practices ought to be adjusted in meeting the test introduced by biofilm-related contaminations. Answer: 1: Biofilms are related with practically 80% of microorganism-initiated irresistible maladies (Conlon et al., 2015). Biofilms cause a few normal and remarkable issues including gum disease, bacterial vaginosis, urinary tract contaminations, endocarditis, and so on. Bacterial Biofilms can likewise weaken wound mending and decrease antibacterial effectiveness. This declines the injury and causes a few different challenges. Extreme cases may prompt passing. 2: When biofilm sicknesses are left untreated for extensive stretches, the significant hazard factors contribute towards advancement and movement of the illness. The malady may advance themselves into different organs and taint them. A once treatable illness can get deadly in a matter of seconds at all on the off chance that it is left untreated. 3: There are a few strategies to recognize the creation of biofilms. There are other contributing variables, which stay undetected regardless of the regular research center tests. This may prompt an undetected instance of bacterial biofilm arrangement, which can additionally cause an untreatable deadly ailment. References Conlon, B. P., Rowe, S. E., Lewis, K. (2015). Persister cells in biofilm related contaminations. InBiofilm-based Healthcare-related Infections(pp. 1-9). Springer International Publishing.

Shakespeare Sonnet 116

William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 116 found on page 1182 of The Norton Anthology of English Literature: Volume1B: The Sixteenth Century, The Early Seventeenth Centry, second edition(New York: W. W. Nortion, 2000) is one of his most celebrated poems to overcome the subject of adoration. While there is a lot of discussion concerning the tone of this work, Shakespeare’s words talk about extraordinary love not usually considered in well known verse at that point. He utilized the Petrarchan poem style in Old English famous around the time yet absolutely included another touch of his own genius.In topic Shakespeare had interesting discernments and encounters in his depiction of adoration. The presentation of a little youngster as the object of his expressions of love and subject of works 1-126 was maybe not a typical subject for different writers. Poem 116 falls into the segment of pieces of the kid, yet it doesn't exactly fit the shape of the remainder of his works. In the groupi ng the encompassing, the pieces feature loves’ increasingly beguiling characteristics, for example, unfaithfulness and double-crossing. The untrustworthiness and physical issues relating to adore are not, at this point considered in Sonnet 116, and a more genuine kind of otherworldly and unequivocal love emerges.Unlike the advanced Petrarchan type of an octet followed by a sestet, Shakespeare’s 14 line pieces are separated into three Sicilian quatrains and a couplet. The quatrains build up the representation and a couplet toward the end that turns into an editorial. The manly rhyme plot follows the example ababcdcdefefgg and the meter is in the customary poetic pattern (10 syllables for each line). The thoughts stream and make a need to keep moving in this piece as expressing does no plainly start and end with each line.The thought in first line that streams directly into the following and there is a rippling of accents. This makes a fast conveyance of words conveyed b y the rhyming feet. There is redundancy in the similar sounding word usage with words, for example, â€Å"alters† and â€Å"alteration† or â€Å"remover† and â€Å"remove†. This likewise adds to the sonnets feeling of stream and deliberateness. Every quatrain starts another illustration and the pictures are likewise fortified in the accompanying quatrains. The more sensational volta of the piece starts with the last two lines with analysis that for this situation brings us to an extreme conclusion.Much is said in this work utilizing fairly straightforward instead of complimenting lingual authority and the greater part of the words are monosyllables. The piece opens talking about genuine affection between two individuals. The Imagery starts with the marriage modify itself. This makes a Christian vision of man and spouse. The affection talked about is â€Å"of genuine minds† and along these lines a profound association as opposed to physical associat ion. In the second line with â€Å"admit impediments† he brings to mind the words utilized in the Marriage service from The Book of Common Prayer.The notice of the word â€Å"alter† twice in the subsequent line reinforces this picture also. The â€Å"marriage of genuine minds† turns into the subject which can be deciphered in contrasting manners leaving us with a to some degree unclear impression. Genuine romance itself becomes without â€Å"impediments† and is liberated regarding the requirement for any â€Å"alterations†. This thought of love’s consistency and dependability is proceeded in the accompanying quatrain with the pictures of adoration as a beacon, â€Å"ever-fixed mark† and controlling â€Å"star to each wandring bark†.The pictures of time, demise and the compass talk about a steadiness and unwavering quality that affection will outlive. Shakespeare’s visit references to time in his works will in general bri ng cautious thought passing and the danger of time itself. In Sonnet 116 anyway love isn't undermined by any such thing, as it â€Å"bears it out, even to the edge of doom† in line 14 not long before the Volta. In the last quatrain symbolism associated with time and death’s† bowing sickle†, which computes too with â€Å"his brief hours and weeks† however time despite everything isn't limited by such restraints.There is some incongruity in the notice of the chance of the sonnet not existing with the open finished discourse â€Å"I have never writ† In the last couplet the presence of the verse itself is raised doubt about in spite of the fact that the poet’s assurance of reality of his words becomes clear making a feeling of incongruity and an open finished end. Love itself is the subject of the allegory in this quintessential work, specifically genuine unceasing adoration. The passionate association of marriage and the affection for God are in examination here. As often as possible in Sonnet 116 genuine affection shows up as what it can outlive and basically what it is not.The normal figure of speech of adoration as a controlling beacon or star is remembered for the subsequent quatrain. We see a boat lost adrift, tested by a storm that it outlives, as an analogy for this undying and flexible love. Its picture as a â€Å"ever fixed mark† marks the regular them of love’s unwavering quality. This additionally is a record of love’s inestimable worth who’s â€Å"worth’s obscure in spite of the fact that its’ stature be taken†. All through the poem , pictures of estimations of things, for example, time space separation and worth are referenced, yet love rises above all computation. Love’s otherworldly characteristics ascend over the metaphor’s hemselves making this an amazing piece. The flighty love talked about can maybe loan itself the rebellious tone in So nnet 116. Opening with â€Å" Let me not to the marriage of genuine minds† could take on an altogether different significance without prompt continuation to the following line â€Å"admit obstacles. † It could maybe likewise mean â€Å" let me not† to this Christian perfect of marriage . This chance makes a flawed tone. Which bodes well, when we consider how the adoration Shakespeare was talking about, didn't fit into the Elizabethan idea of what was acceptable.The utilization of â€Å"Oh no! † in line 3 as an outcry, following the notice of conceding â€Å"impediments† recommend his forcefulness in guarding his thoughts of adoration for, maybe just as his affection for the kid which would itself be a hindrance. The dismissal of this kind of affection in Elizabethan occasions allows the artist to talk about the idea of adoration itself as extraordinary and endless. The affection that broadens itself past these sorts of physical issues isn't without its difficulties. This miserable tone communicated the occasionally cold language.The emotions evoked by the dangers of â€Å"tempests† and â€Å"the edge of doom† (day of atonement) and all the â€Å"alterations† of time doesn't permit the possibility of distress to absolutely die down. A to some degree inaccessible and undesirable tone comes even from the examination of adoration to a star. It turns into a remote picture, to some degree independent who’s genuine â€Å"worth’s unknown†. The way that adoration can't be fathomed anyway doesn't decrease its forces. There is incongruity in the last discourse too. The unlikelihood of blunder in Shakespeare’s verse is demonstrated by the presence of the verse itself. However this is still surrendered over to question.The probability additionally exists that â€Å"no man ever loved† in the thusly also. Along these lines the sonnet turns into a subject of analogy similarly as adorati on itself. The to some degree incendiary tone is brought out through end. Poem 116 goes past the Petrarchan situation of pathetic enthusiastic love and thinks about evident loves everlasting nature. It likewise goes past ordinary as a sonnet concerning the holy observance of marriage and the adoration for god while being coordinated to a youngster. In spite of the fact that it uses basic tropes and basic language his exceptional enthusiasm and shrewdness built up a new perspective.His utilization of expressing an accentuation makes an emotional manner of speaking. His anxiety with what love isn't becomes definition by restriction. Incongruity is layered all through. The pictures and representations weave a tight woven artwork and vacillating accents and similar sounding word usage and run-ons make a melodious expressiveness. Shakespeare immaculately reproduces this progressive thought of adoration as a piece. Its wide notoriety might be a demonstration of nature of its structure. So urces The Norton Anthology of English Literature: Volume1B: The Sixteenth Century, The Early Seventeenth Centry, second edition(New York: W. W. Nortion, 2000)

North Korea Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

North Korea - Research Paper Example The analyst of rhis paper centers for the most part around portraying of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), generally known as North Korea is an Eastern Asian nation and situated among China and South Korea. Pyongyang that is the capital of North Korea was portrayed as a political and social focal point of the countr. It is additionally the biggest city in the nation by region and populace. The Amnok River and the Tumen River comprise the outskirt among China and North Korea while the Korean Demilitarized Zone that speaks to the limit between North Korea and South Korea. Korea has been a free realm all through a lot of its long history and this domain was involved by Japan following the Russo-Japanese war in 1905. The World War II wound up in the split of Korea with the northern half falling heavily influenced by Soviet Union and the southern half affected by United States. The political race led in 1948 brought about the making of two separate governments for N orth Korea and South Korea. In any case, clashing power guarantee prompted the Korean War. The DPRK couldn't overcome the US-sponsored Republic of Korea. North Korea considered US as a definitive danger to its sway and encircled financial and military arrangements to achieve the possible unification of Korea heavily influenced by Pyongyang. This exploration paper will investigate and dissect a few parts of North Korea current life, including its geology, residents, government, military, universal issues, fear based oppression, and wrongdoing issues. Geology As referenced effectively, North Korea is arranged among China and South Korea and it additionally fringes with Korea Bay (west) and Sea of Japan (east). As depicted in CIA site, North Korea lies between scopes 37o and 43oN, and longitudes 124o and 131oE. The nation covers a territory of 120,540 square kilometers. The most noteworthy point in the district is Baekdu Mountain (2,744 meters) and longest waterway is Amnok River (790 kilometers). The absolute bottom in the nation is the Sea of Japan (0 ft). Some significant urban areas of North Korea incorporate Kaesong, Sinuiju, Wonsan, and Chongjin. Notwithstanding China and South Korea, the DPRK likewise shares a little piece of its outskirt with Russia (17.5 km) (CIA). The country’s significant regular assets incorporate coal, lead, graphite, iron mineral, gold, hydropower, zinc, tungsten, and magnesite. Infrequent storms, dry seasons, and extreme flooding comprise regular common risks testing the nation. As of now, this domain faces various natural issues, for example, water contamination, waterborne maladies, lacking convenient water flexibly, soil disintegration and corruption, and deforestation. Almost 80% of the North Korea includes mountains and uplands that are isolated by thin and profound valleys. As indicated by some early European guests to this district, North Korea takes after ‘a ocean in a substantial gale’ (Asian Studies Ce nter). A variety of slopes, valleys, and mountains make this area one of the appealing vacationer goals on the planet. This area has a mainland atmosphere and encounters four particular seasons including winter, summer, spring, and harvest time. Long winter described with blizzards carries severe cold to this region while summer seems, by all accounts, to be short and moist. The nation encounters the most wonderful climate during spring and fall because of mellow temperatures and variable breezes. As indicated by the Koppen atmosphere order, the majority of the North Korea falls under the sort Dwa (Peregrine). In spite of the fact that the United Nations Command

Do gay athletes affect sports Annotated Bibliography

Do gay competitors influence sports - Annotated Bibliography Example In association with this, the target of this paper is hence to discover how gay competitors influence sports. So as to see how gay competitors influence sports, I am going to utilize three sources; Rethinking Homophobia in Sports: Legal Protections for gays and lesbian competitors by Anne Gregory. This article is pertinent to this examination since it takes a gander at how the law ensures gay competitors. For instance, it sees what are the ramifications for the individuals who will be seen as scary gay competitors. The article is separated into two sections; section 1 ganders at the reasons for homophobia in sports. While section 2, takes a gander at the legitimate securities for gays and lesbian competitors. The second article that I will utilize is the ESPN magazine, which was distributed in 2013. The magazine directed a review on N.F.L players, to discover what number of individuals would consent to have a gay partner. Along these lines, this magazine is exceptionally applicable to this examination since it shows how players see their partners dependent on sexuality. The third article is the New York Times magazine, which was distributed on eighteenth March, 2013. The article shows what N.F.L top administration, has been doing to adapt up to the expanding number of gay competitors in its group. Goessling, Ben. â€Å"86 % alright with gay group mate†. ESPN magazine. 14 February, 2014. Web. 28 February, 2014. The ESPN magazine completed a review on NTFL players and discovered that 86 % of them would acknowledge a gay partner. As per the source, the players didn't perceive how, the sexuality of their partner would influence their play. Batista, Judy. â€Å"N.F.L. Is Pressured on Issues of Gay Rights†. The New York Times. 18 March, 2013. The

An analysis on romeo and juliet pride and prejudice free essay sample

This examination paper will investigate strict parts of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare and Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. Both the motion pictures fall in the class classifications of show and sentiment, however all through the story their strict angles contrast. The plot, characters, setting, setting, storyteller, subjects, themes and images differ from one another in spite of the fact that they don't shift a lot in certain angles. Since both the motion pictures are incredible stories, I thought that it was hard to come at a resolution to state which one’s better. In any case, after completely examining the two perfect works of art, I reached the resolution that the Romeo and Juliet has made a more noteworthy commitment writing than the Pride and Prejudice. Foundation Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare is about disastrous romantic tale. Deplorably, when Tybalt affronts Romeo, a road duel breaks out between the principal cousin of Juliet, Tybalt and Mercutio, Romeos closest companion. Minister Laurence chooses to tell Romeo about the lie so he could meet Juliet after her internment and escape with her when she recoups from her swoon thus he sends Friar John, to proceed to give Romeo a letter to advise of the passing of his beyond all doubt cherished. In any case, Balthasar, Romeos hireling, sees the entombment of Juliet, believing that she is dead, he goes to pass on the awful news Romeo and unfortunately arrives at Romeo before Friar John. In hopelessness, Romeo rushes to Juliets tomb and closures his life by drinking poison. Arousing up in some time after he terminates, Juliet finds a dead Romeo and proceeds to cut herself with his blade so as to go along with him. Afterward, both the families go to their joint memorial service together and arrive at a comprehension to end the fight. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is about the 5 little girls of Mr. what's more, Mrs. Bennet and their battles as their mom, Mrs. Bennet, strains to get them wedded. They become more acquainted with that the men are Mr. Bingley, who has quite recently leased the nearby bequest of Nether field, and Mr. Darcy, both rich, qualified unmarried men, and this energizes Mrs. Bennet. At the point when Mr. Darcy asks her to hit the dance floor with him, she won't, regardless when Mr. Wickham solicits her privilege in front from Darcy, she acknowledges. Afterward, he asks her deliver marriage, however she can't, halfway because of the way that Wickham had educated her regarding Darcy denying him of his legitimate fortune, and furthermore for the explanation that she has recently became more acquainted with that finished the affection between Mr. Bingley and Jane. Mr. Darcy visits Elizabeth and reveals to her that Wickham will never wed Lydia. The story closes with a long kiss among Elizabeth and Darcy, with Mrs. Bennet keeping an eye on them and perceiving how her different little girls have discovered respectable admirers. Setting Romeo and Juliet was composed by the most powerful dramatist in all of English writing, William Shakespeare, was conceived in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England to a fruitful white collar class family that made gloves. Shakespeare’s works were accumulated and imprinted in various releases in the century following his demise, and by the mid eighteenth century his name as the best writer ever to write in English was entrenched. The exceptional regard earned by his works controlled to a wild curiosity about Shakespeare’s life, however the lack of truthful data has left numerous subtleties of Shakespeare’s individual history veiled in riddle. A many of Shakespeare’s plays appear to have even exceeded expectations the class of splendor, getting so persuasive as to strongly influence the way of Western writing and culture ever after. (Imprints) Through the top notch power of his language Shakespeare thrived in this exertion, recorded as a hard copy a play which is acknowledged all around in Western culture as the principal, prototype love story.(Isabelle Hopkins) The movie was coordinated and co-composed by Franco Zeffirelli, and featured Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey. Pride and Prejudice was composed by Jane Austen. She was conceived in Steventon, England, in the time of 1775, and she lived there until she was a quarter century old. She distributed her book was in January 1813, two yea rs after her first novel, ‘Sense and Sensibility’, and it achieved an esteem that has persevered through even right up 'til the present time. She distributed four additional books: Emma, Mansfield Park, Northanger, Persuasion, and Abbey. Influence, and Abbey, were distributed in 1818, a year following to her demise. (Learning lit) During Jane Austen’s life, just her family thought about her initiation of her books. Albeit mysterious distribution kept her from making sure about an authorial notoriety, it likewise permitted all her security at a period when the English society partnered a female’s appearance into the open degree with an unpardonable expense of womanliness. The social condition of Austen’s Rule in England was all in all delineated, and class partitions were established in family associates and riches. In any case, Austen was in different ways a pragmatist, and the England that she depicts is one in which has restricted social versatility and solid class-cognizance. (Austen 1994) Socially efficient thoughts of reasonable conduct for separate sexual orientations figured into crafted by Austen. Being a clergyman’s girl, she would have had hands on understanding on ward work and was without question aware of the needy individuals around her. The reactions that she makes on class structure give the impression to assess just the center and upper social classes; the lower social classes wherein on the off chance that they appear to seem at all, are all in all hirelings who look as though they are flawlessly satisfied by methods for their part. This nonattendance of mindfulness in the lives of the needy individuals may maybe be a fiasco on Austen’s part, then again it should be comprehended as a calamity collective by most of English individuals at the time.(Austen 1994) all in all, she possesses a scrutinizing position among the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years. In their insight of the circumstances of advancement and urban life and the expenses for family structure and single characters, they hint abundant Victorian writing. (Austen 1994) PLOT The plotline for Romeo and Juliet begins as a fight breaks out in the lanes among the hirelings of Capulet and Montague; the quarreling respectable groups of Verona . Benvolio, a Montague, attempts to stop the battling, however is himself involved while the rushed Capulet, Tybalt, comes to on the scene. After individuals are irritated by the steady savagery oust the forceful gatherings, Prince Escalus, the head of territory of Verona, attempts to forestall further conflicts among the families by condemning punishment of death for any individual who upsets the tranquility of Verona later on. (BBC Learning) Romeo, Montague’s child, finds Benvolio, his cousin who had seen him before sulking in a sycamore forest. After some poking by Benvolio, Romeo admits that he is begun to look all starry eyed at lady named Rosaliane, who doesn’t return his loves. Benvolio advices Romeo to overlook Rosaline and discover another lady who is progressively lovely. In any case, Romeo remains down and out. (BBC Learning) In the interim, Count Paris, a brother of Prince Escalus, looks for the hand of Juliet, in marriage. Juliet’s father Capulet, yet cheerful at the proposition, requests that Paris postpone it two years, since Juliet has not by any means turned en fourteen. Capulet sends forward a worker with a rundown of people to welcome to a disguise and a dining experience that he holds customarily. He welcomes Count Paris to the dining experience, excited that Paris will win the core of Juliet.(Learning Literature) Romeo and Benvolio, yet talking about Rosaline, run over the Capulet worker who bears the solicitations list. Benvolio proposes that they go to the disguise, since that it would offer space to Romeo to contrast his darling Rosaline with different stunning ladies of Verona. Romeo agrees to go the dining experience with Benvolio, just for the explanation that Rosaline, whose name will be available. (BBC Learning) In the family unit of the Capulets, Juliet converses with Lady Capulet, her mom, and her nursemaid in regards to the probability of wedding Count Paris. Despite the fact that Juliet has not yet all around contemplated the marriage, she consents to give Paris a possibility during the dining experience to see whether she’d go gaga for him. (BBC Learning) As the dining experience starts, Romeo felling despairing, follows Benvolio and their engaging companion Mercutio to place of the Capulets. When they got inside, Romeo sees Juliet from far off and experiences passionate feelings for her immediately totally overlooking Rosaline. As Romeo keeps his eyes fixed Juliet, pulled in, to the youthful Capulet, Tybalt the primary cousin of Juliet, remembers him, and becomes irate that a Montague would subtly come to into a Capulet feast. He prepares to assault, however Capulet disallows him. In a little while, Romeo addresses Juliet, and the adolescents experience a profound fascination. They even go onto kiss, not in any case knowing the names of one another. In any case, when he disclosures from Juliet’s nurture that she is the Capulet’s daughter†the foe of his familyâ€he gets upset. When Juliet hears that the youngster that she has quite recently kissed is Montague’s child, she becomes similarly vexed as him. (Learning Literature) As Benvolio and Mercutio leave the domain of Capulet, unfit to desert Juliet Romeo bounces over the plantation fence into the nursery. From the spot he was covering up, he sees his Juliet in a window over the plantation fence and catches her voice his name. He stands out enough to be noticed, and they proceed to trade their pledges of adoration. (BBC Learning) Hurriedly, Romeo goes to see Friar Lawrence who is his companion and inquisitor. In spite of the fact that shocked at the startling turn of Romeo’s heart, he consents to subtly wed the youthful sweethearts since he comprehends that their adoration could be the conceivable of closure the long-standing fight in the midst of Capulets and Montagues. The following day, Romeo and Juliet come to

Regulatory Framework And IPO Underpricing Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Literature review has been divided in five parts. Part 1 reviews different studies that examined the short run price performance of IPO stocks or related to under pricing of IPOs and Part 2 reviews the literature related to regulatory framework of IPO. In Part 3, the literature related to the effect of signaling and financial variables on IPO Underpricing have been reviewed. Part 4 reviews the studies related to affiliation with group on the underpricing of IPOs. The last part converses the studies performed to examine the impact of corporate disclosure practices on the companys functioning and policy formulation. After such categorized study of such components, it would be unproblematic to comprehend the essentials of the major components of the study, by which a significant relationship can be established. Ibbotson (1975) measured the initial performance of IPO and examined the after-market performance for the period from 1960 to 1969. The average initial performance was found to be positive. He concluded that underpricing is evident from the fact that there are positive initial returns that have accrued to the investors and also from the efficient after-market performance. Ritter (1984) showed average underpricing of 26.5% over the period (1977-82), Buser Chan (1987) evaluated the two years performance of over 1078 NASDAQ / National Market Syst em, eligible IPOs in 1981-85 and found a positive average initial return of 6.2%. Aggarwal and Rivoli (1990) related underperformance to a temporary overvaluation of the IPO firm at the offering date. The value of the new shares got downwardly adjusted when the over optimism disappeared. Ritter (1991) analyzed 1526 IPOs in the US offered during 1967-87. He documented that newly listed companies substantially underperformed a set of seasoned firms matched by size and industry in stock returns for the first three years subsequent to listing. He was the first to document the long-run underperformance anomaly in IPO literature. Following Ritter (1991), Loughran (1993) examined the returns from 3,556 IPOs during 1967-1987 and found an average six year total return of 17.29% compared with 76.23% for the NASDAQ index during an identical period. The results were however worse than those of Ritter for his three year tests. Loughran and Ritter (1995) examined the stock returns of 4,753 initial public offerings and 3,702 seasoned equity offerings offered during 1970 to 1990. They reported that the 3 and 5 year buy-and-hold returns for IPOs in the post-issue period were 26.9% and 50.7% less than size-matched non-issuing firm respectively. Consistent with Loughran and Ritter (1995), Spiess and Affleck-Graves (1995) also reported that seasoned issuers underperform their industry peers matched by size. The underperformance phenomenon is not limited to the United States only. In the UK, Levis (1993) examined the long-run performance of a sample of 712 UK IPOs issued during 1980-88. He reported that underperformance varied between 8.3% and 23.0%, depending on the benchmark chosen. Aggarwal, Leal, and Hernandez (1993) reported three-year market-adjusted returns of -47.0%, -19.6% and -23.7% for Brazil, Mexico, and Chile, respectively. Keloharju (1993) found that the average Finnish IPO lost 22.4% from the first market trading to subsequent three years, in comparison to 1.6% average decline for the market index. Underperformance of IPOs was also confirmed in Australia. Lee, Taylor and Walter (1996) analyzed both initial under-pricing and post-listing returns for Australian new issues. The results showed that Australian new issues significantly under-performed market movements in the three-year period subsequent to listing. Kunz and Aggarwal (1994) examined 42 Swiss IPOs between 1983 and 1989 and reported underperformance to the extent of 6.1%. The exception to the globally observed underperformance was reported by Kim, Krinsky and Lee (1995), who investigated Korean initial public offerings (IPOs). They analysed 169 firms listed on the Korean Stock Exchange during 1985-1989. Unlike previous international evidence, their results revealed that the Korean IPOs outperform seasoned firms with similar characteristics. For Malaysia, Paudyal et al. (1998) found that the performance of IPOs is not different from that of the market portfolio. Chan, et. al . (2003) examined the long run performance of 570 A-share and 39 B-share IPOs issued in China. After three years from listing, A-share IPOs were found to underperform their non-IPO benchmarks while B-share IPOs outperformed their non-IPO benchmarks. They found that the post-issue stock returns for A-share IPOs had a positive relation with changes in operating return on assets, changes in operating cash flows on total assets and changes in growth rate of sales. This finding implies that in the long run, stock price performance exhibits a reflection of a firms operating performance. The empirical studies on Indian IPO markets primarily focused on the initial returns. Unlike the underpricing issue, the long-run performance of IPOs in India is less explored and has so far mixed results have been depicted. The studies undertaken in Indian context on under pricing have been done by Shah (1995), Majumdar (1999). Shah (1995) empirically studied Indias vibrant IPO market, via a dataset of the 2056 IPOs. The study analyzed the overall underpricing, the delay between issue date and listing date, the time- series of monthly volume of IPO issues and average underpricing in a given month, the cross-section of underpricing across companies, the post-listing trading frequency, the long-run returns to new listings, and price discovery by the market shortly after first listing.Madhusoodan et al. (1997) documented a positive return of 16.33% for 1922 IPOs after three years from issue. Habib and Ljungqvist (2001) generalize the notion that issuers have an incentive to reduce underpricing, and model their optimal behavior. They argue that if issuers can take costly actions that reduce underpricing, they will do so up to the point where the marginal cost of reducing underpricing further just equals the marginal benefit. This marginal benefit is not measured by underpricing itself, but by the reduction in the issuers wealth loss that underpricing implies. Loughran and Ritte r (2004), also provided some facts that banks have strategically underprice the IPOs, in an effort to enrich themselves or their investment clients. Another fact in the study is that the top banks have lowered their criteria for selecting IPOs to underwrite, resulting in a higher average risk profile for their IPOs which certainly require making them heavily underpriced. Ritter et al (2006) found that the underpricing of IPOs in Denmark is only 5 percent for a period of 14 years beginning from 1984, while in China for a period of 10 years from 1990, the underpricing was found to be more than 250 percent. Engelen (2007) presented an empirical study on a country level, the impact of investor protection on the growth of capital market the long run expansion. They found that Countries where investor protection is strong, gives an advantage to the companies in comparison to the countries where investor protection is not so strong in terms of cost to the public. Tian Megginson (2007) suggested that investment risks in Chinas primary markets are greater than in other new issues markets and these risks partly explains the extreme levels of Chinese IPO underpricing. However, the principal cause of this underpricing is government regulation. The supply restricting measures traditionally adopted by the Chinese regulatory authorities turn IPO shares into hot commodities, which are fiercely bid for, and this leads to corruption and a reallocation of wealth from firms and investors to politically connected individuals and groups. Coakley, Hadass Wood (2009) analyzed the nature and factors of short run underpricing for such IPOs which have been issued during 1985-2003 on London Stock Exchange, counted to be 591. They also state the significant difference between the 1998-2000 bubble year and rest of the taken samples. They also state that the venture capitalist and reputable underwriters played a significant role for the rest of the samples except the bubble y ears. The combination of venture capitalist and prestigious underwriters was highly associated with the highest underpricing witnessed during 1998-2000. Deb Marisetty (2010) discussed that in the year 2007, Indian capital market regulator-SEBI, introduced a unique certification mechanism for IPOs whereby all IPOs have to undergo mandatory quality grading by independent rating agencies. In this paper they argue that such objective, independent and exogenous certifying mechanism provides a better opportunity to test the well established certification hypothesis, especially in the context of emerging markets with institutional voids. They mentioned that grading decreases  IPO underpricing  and positively influence demand of retail investors using a sample of 163 Indian companies. Grading reduces secondary market risk and improves liquidity. 2.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND IPO UNDERPRICING Loughran et al. (1994) analyzed aftermarket performance of international IPOs. They cited contrasts in regulatory environments, contractual arrangements, and firm characteristics as causes of varying degrees of IPO underperformance across countries. They anticipated underperformance in Asian countries to diminish during the 1990s as compared to the 1980s due to a mitigation of regulatory constraints. Pandey (2004) analysed 84 fixed priced and book build Indian IPOs from 1999 to 2002 for a period of 500 trading days. It was found that fixed price IT IPOs performed the worst and all types of IPOs, on an average underperformed till about two years subsequent to listing. However, Singh and Mittal (2005) analysed the long-run performance of 500 Indian IPOs offered during 1992 to 1996 up to three years. The Indian IPOs earned excess returns up to six months from the date of listing and thereafter the returns declined sharply, though remained positive at the end of first year. However, the investors who held their investments for a period of 2-3 year experienced negative returns. Engelen and Essen (2007), they have studied the relationship around the world between the under pricing of IPOs and a Countrys legal framework. Measures of the countrys legal is framework, investor protection and under pricing of IPO. They found support our expectations and show a negative relationship between a countrys legal framework and the under pricing of IPOs. Boulton, Smart and Zutter, (2009) established that a link exists between a countrys legal system and the size, liquidity, and value of its capital markets. They studied how differences in country-level governance affect the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). Examining 4462 IPOs across 29 countries from 2000 to 2004 and concluded that underpricing is higher in countries with corporate governance that strengthens the position of investors relative to insiders. They concluded that when countries give outside rs more influence, IPO issuers underprice more to generate excess demand for the offer, which in turn leads to greater ownership dispersion and reduces outsiders incentives to monitor the behavior of corporate insiders. In other words, underpricing is a cost that insiders pay to maintain control in countries with legal systems designed to empower outsiders. Jingyun, Fengming and Zhishu (2010), they have studied to examine the evolution of Chinas securities market regulation from 1980 to 2007 and the dual role of the government in this process. They found that paper unique evidence of how securities regulation evolves in response to government direction and supervision if the government is both the owner and the regulator of the securities market. Gerry, Natalie and Linus (2011), they have studied on jointly assess the impact of regulatory reform for corporate fundraising in Australia (CLERP Act  1999) and the relaxation of ASX admission rules in 1999, on the accuracy of management earnings forecasts in initial public offer (IPO) prospectuses. They found that the new regulatory environment has had a positive impact on management forecasting behavior. In the post-CLERP Act  period, the accuracy of prospectus forecasts and their revisions significantly improved and, as expected, the results are primarily driven by CTE firms. 2.3 SIGNALING AND FINANCIAL VARIABLES AND UNDERPRICING Baron and Holmstrom (1980) analyzed the asymmetric information between underwriters and issuers. They found that higher ex ante uncertainty about the value of the firm leads to more informational asymmetry between underwriters and issuers, which in turn lead to more underpricing. Ritter (1984) proved a positive relationship between the underpricing of issue and the level of uncertainty about the firm value. Older firms which have a longer history has more information available with public and have a longer track record of published financial data. Therefore, t he older firms are more likely to be screened by financial press and the intermediaries. Thus these older firms create less uncertainty about the value of firm and the level of underpricing becomes less as compared to the new firms. Beatty and Ritter (1986) concluded that the riskiness depends upon the firm size. They concluded that large firms are less risky as compared to the smaller firms. Therefore the size of issue is considered to be inversely proportional with the underpricing of issue. Hence the large issue size is less underpriced compared to the small issue size. Rock (1986) explained the winners curse where information asymmetry arises due to the two types of investors; informed and uninformed investors. He explained that the uninformed investors get a small allocation of the issues of good firm and they go in losses. Therefore underpricing is necessary due to the concern of uninformed investors. Miller and Reilly (1987) observed that there is a positive relation between underpricing and volume during first five days of trading. If the uncertainty is high in case of underpriced issues then trading volume is generally high assuming volume as a proxy for the extent to which the investors disagree about the security value. Reside et al (1994) found a negative correlation between the age of firm and the underpricing of issue. They attributed this to availability of more information of the older firm as compared to the new firms. So underpricing is relatively less in case of older firms. Ajay Shah (1995) the delay in issue offer and listing of the issue blocks the money of investors for a certain time period and it thus leads to the illiquidity of the investors. On the other side the investors asks for a higher premium on the listing day. Due to this listing delay the investors have different opinions on the basis of available information that comes during the delay period. This affects the underpricing of IPO to a great extent. Further li sting delay is positively correlated with the underpricing because the issuing firm earns an interest on the application money and the investors who become illiquid must be compensated by the underpricing of issue. Sherman and Chowdhry (1996) showed that the IPO underpricing is more in U.S firms where the offer price is fixed some time earlier than listing of the stocks on the exchange than those where the stock listing delay is one day only. This is due to future uncertainty resulting from the delay in listing Lee at. el. (1996a and 1996b) found an insignificant negative relationship between initial return and listing time lag in Singapore but found a significant relationship between return and time lag in Australia. Krigman et al (1999), by examining that whether the extent to which flipping done by short term investors on the first trading day is related to the long term IPO performance, reported that the turnover is directly proportional to the under pricing of an IPO. Uddin (2001) found a significant relationship between IPO initial returns and the listing delay after the approval of offer price by the securities authority in Malaysia. The listing time lag increases the uncertainty of the issue price. Reese (2003) He states that the trading volume on the initial days is in direct relation with the level of interest in the premarket which correspondingly results in a positive relationship between the high trading volume and underpricing on the basis of assumption that all the three factors generates the additional information through decreased transaction costs and increased analyst following. Claessens and Laeven (2003) Firms which operate in legal environment with poor protection of intellectual property rights under invest in intangible assets, leading to lower firm growth and lower firm value. Lower levels of legal protection will create more uncertainty with respect to post IPO strategies and managerial decisions that may negatively affect firm value. This higher ex ante uncertainty concerning firm valuation hence leads to more underpriced IPOs. Roosenboom and Schramade (2006) The future uncertainty is high in case of high tech firms in comparison with non tech firms. The IPOs of technology firms are more underpriced as compared to the IPOs of firs in other sectors. Ellul and Pagano (2006) developed and tested a model that shows that underpricing is also affected by uncertainty about the after-market liquidity. They find that the less liquid the after-market is expected to be the larger the IPO underpricing. Shelly and Singh (2008) There is a positive correlation between the age of firm and the oversubscription of the issue due to higher confidence in the prospects of the firms which results in the higher underpricing of issue. Falconieri et. al. (2009) He labels this type of uncertainty as ex-post uncertainty and develops proxies for it. They document a strong link between ex-post uncertainty and I PO underpricing consistent with Chen and Wilhelm.s argument. Sahoo, et. al. (2010) studied the relationship between post-issue promoter groups retention and Initial Public Offering (IPO) under price. They also investigate the impact of signaling and financial variables, i.e. offer size, times subscribed, age of the firm, book value, leverage, market volatility and ex-ante uncertainty along with post-issue promoter groups holding on IPO under price. On using a sample of 92 IPOs, they found that IPOs are underpriced during 2002 to 2006. Their results indicated that offer size, times subscribed and post-issue promoter group holding are statistically significant in explaining under price. GROUP AFFILIATION AND IPO UNDERPRICING Another issue that is gaining importance among the researchers is the role of group affiliation on the firms performance. Khanna and Palepu [2000] compared the accounting and market-based performance of group-affiliated Indian companies with similar stand-alone companies and concluded that group affiliation is a positive signal but this holds true only for diversified and large business groups. But most of the studies in this area has been confined to the post IPO performance of the firms. However, Dewenter, Novaes and Pettway (2001), probably for the first time tried to deal with the effects of group affiliation and the initial performance for the IPOs of Japanese firms affiliated with business groups. They conclude that group affiliated companies pay higher costs in the form of higher IPO underpricing due to the additional costs incurred by investors to analyze the complexity associated with group-affiliated companies. CORPORATE DISCLOSURE PRACTICES UNDERPRICING OF IPO Jenson Michael (1986) described that at the company level, good corporate governance assures the optimal use of firms capital. It also mentioned that the top management with free cash flows invested in over diversification, which often resulted into organizational inefficiencies. This problem is more likely to happen when there are weak corporate governance mechanisms. Byrd and Hickman (1992) found that the abnormal bidder returns on the date of takeover bid announcements are significantly higher when the boards decision is likely to have been made by independent directors instead of related directors. This also suggests that the market believes that independent/outside directors dominated boards are more likely to act in the best interest of the shareholders. Pandya (1992) examined that SEBIs efforts in the direction of investors protection as a regulatory and development body of capital market are varied and unlimited. The measures taken by SEBI mainly taps measures for ap portion efficiency in the primary market where IPOs exist, with fair degree of transparency, reforms in the secondary market for making it transparent and visible which would provide the primary market a strong base for its effective trading, and mainly the focus is onto the protection of the investing public. Cremens Nair (2003) have verified that the effective corporate governance relies on both internal and external mechanisms and that they are strong complements. Corporate governance of a firm cant be judged by its external edifice, it also have many of the internal facts, policies and structures which make a firm stand to the corporate governance ratings. Committee on Corporate Governance, SEBI (2003) stated the mandatory suggestions focus on strengthening the responsibilities of audit committees, improving the quality of financial disclosures, including those related to related party dealings and proceeds from initial public offerings; requiring corporate executive boar ds to assess and disclose business risks in the annual reports of companies; introducing responsibilities on boards to adopt formal codes of conduct; the position of nominee directors; and stock holder approval and improved disclosures relating to compensation paid to non-executive directors.  [1]  The Committee believes that these recommendations represent certain standards of good governance into specific requirements, since certain corporate responsibilities are too important to be left to lose concepts of fiduciary responsibility. Yeh Shu (2004) scrutinized that the negotiation of the offering price is strictly dictated by the soundness of corporate governance structure of the IPO firm. Their empirical results from 218 Taiwanese IPO firms for a decade are generally consistent with the positive incentive effect and negative entrenchment effect. They judge that the outcome is the result of repetitive negotiations that involve different interest parties, namely the controll ing shareholder of issuing firm, underwriter, and outside investors. Corporate governance variables serve the nexus that integrates the underlying hypotheses in illustration of the willingness and motivation of the controlling shareholder, the acceptance and allowance of the underwriter, and the informativeness of the provided accounting data. Ljungqvist (2005) found that institutional structure affects the underpricing of IPOs in different nations. A new dimension was brought forward by this study that underpricing is less in case of companies in developed markets as compared to the companies in less developed markets. Hazem, Charles David (2006) describes that after controlling other influences, an increase in overall capital market governance in a country is linked to a decrease in the cost of equity, an increase in market liquidity, and an increase in pricing efficiency. Specifically, improved security laws are associated with decreased cost of capital, higher trading vol ume, greater market depth, lower price synchronicity, and reduced IPO underpricing. These results hold for the overall CMG index, and are directionally consistent for each of the three individual CMG components),are cost of capital (both realized and implied), market liquidity (i.e., trading volume and market depth) and pricing efficiency (i.e., stock price synchronicity and IPO underpricing). Bedard Coulombe (2007) contributed to the debate surrounding the effectiveness of governance practices by examining IPO firms decision to voluntarily create an audit committee, and the effect of governance characteristics on the quality of disclosure as measured by management forecast errors and on the cost of capital as measured by IPO underpricing. Their results seem to indicate that the creation of an audit committee is more likely when the board of directors is larger, a higher proportion of its members are independent and it is not chaired by the firms CEO. Governance characteristics do not seem to affect the quality of financial information issued by IPO firms. Boulton, Smart Zutter (2007) suggested that IPO initial returns are greater in countries offering stronger protections to investors. These results hold for various country-level proxies of governance and are both economically and statistically significant. In those nations, that offer lower levels of investor protection, underpricing is less likely to be used as an instrument to limit legal liability or to maintain control because managerial control is implicit due to a general disregard for investors rights, leading to lower initial returns (on average) in these countries. Larry (2009) mentioned that the ownership edifice has a bearing on corporate governance; legal units as well as foreign ownership have a influence on long run performance. It also mentioned that the outside directors and the issue stock exchange have no significance influence. Those firms which are having high growth potential and huge base are considered more highly by the market. Kumar Singh (2010) examined that a meaningful policy on Corporate Governance must provide empowerment to the executive management of the Company, and simultaneously create a mechanism of checks and balances which ensures that the decision making powers vested in the executive management is not only misused, but is used with care and responsibility to meet stakeholder aspirations and societal expectations. Corporate governance is also concerned with the ethics, values and morals of a company and its directors. Boulton,  Smart Zutter  (2010) described that underpricing is a cost that is paid to maintain the control by insiders in countries with legal systems. They reported negative relation between underpricing and post-IPO outside block holdings but a positive association with private control benefits. Hearn (2010) findings suggest that the establishment of independent audit and remuneration committees t o monitor directors and insiders is at best superfluous with their presence actually increasing levels of asymmetric information and underpricing. However the separation of the roles of CEO and Chairman and the founder-entrepreneur ceding control of CEO role are beneficial mechanisms in signaling quality to potential outside investors. Year Author Published in Result and Conclusion 1961 Cerf Corporate Reporting and Investment Decisions, Berkely, California: The University of California Press. Corporate attributes or characteristics have been used as a basis for explaining the level of disclosure in the corporate annual report 1974 1988a Buzby (1974) and Wallace (1988a) Buzby, S. L. (1974). Selected items of Information and their Disclosure in Annual Reports. The Accounting Review, 49 (3): 423-435. Wallace, R. S. O. (1988a). Intranational and International Consensus on the Importance of Disclosure Items in Financial Reports: A Nigerian Case Study. British Accounting Review, 20: 223-265. According to disclosure of information in corporate annual reports is considered adequate if it is relevant to the needs of users, capable of meeting those needs, and timely released. 1979 Pastena Pastena, V. 1979. Some Evidence on the SECs System of Continuous Disclosure. The Accounting Review 54 (4): 776-783. The earliest study in accounting dealing with non periodic reporting. It studies the impact of the timeliness of Form 8-K current report filings in the United States. Form 8-Ks are filed to announce the occurrence of material events. He terms such filings continuous disclosure and finds significant abnormal market returns around the time firms issue a press release regarding these filings. 1986 Hoskin, Hughes, and Ricks Hoskin, R. E., J. S. Hughes, and W. E. Ricks. 1986. Evidence on the Incremental Information Content of Additional Firm Disclosures Made Concurrently with Earnings. Journal of Accounting Research (Supplement): 1-32. After Pastena (1979), Hoskin, Huges, and Ricks (1986) find that specific announcements provide additional information over and above earnings announcements, and Carter and Soo (1999) show that timelier filings are more informative. 1994 Wallace et. Al. Wallace, R. S. O., K. Naser, and A. Mora (1994). The Relationship Between the Comprehensiveness of Corporate Annual Reports and Firm Characteristics in Spain. Accounting and Business Research, 25 (97): 41-53. Further Research of, Cerf (1961) studied. Disclosures have been classified into three categories. The categories are structure related, performance related and market variables. 1994 Ahmed and Nicholls, Ahmed, K., and D. Nicholls (1994). The Impact of Non-financial Company Characteristics on Mandatory Disclosure Compliance in Developing Countries: The Case for Bangladesh. The International Journal of Accounting, 29: 62-77. Regulatory forces have been identified as consisting of the stock market, legislation and accounting practice 1997 Ramsay and Hoad Ramsay I M and Hoad R (2009) Disclosure of corporate governance practices by Australian companies , www.ssrn.com Studied the disclosure practices of Australian companies by examining the annual reports of 268 listed companies. They found that the extent and quality of disclosure are typically better for larger companies than for smaller companies. 2002b Francis, Schipper, and Vincent Francis, J. R., K. Schipper, and L. Vincent. 2002b. Expanded Disclosures and the Increased Usefulness of Earnings Announcements. Accounting Review 77 (3): 515-547. Show that returns are affected by both firm and analyst disclosures. Overall, these studies establish that material disclosures and timelier disclosures are price informative. 2003 Michael, Lee, Johns Mishoal, lee, Johns 2003. The Determinants and impacts of disclosure before and after an IPO. The University of Sydney, Accounting Honours Dissertation Nov 2003: Page:8 https://www.philiplee.id.au/research/LeeJohnsBComHons.pdf Factors that drives changes in a firms disclosure before and after IPO How these changes impacts on returns How antecedent disclosure impacts on trading of the stock in the initial secondary market. 2003 Gupta, Nair and Gogula Gupta A., Nair A. P. and Gogula, R. (2003), Corporate Governance Reporting by Indian Companies: A Content Analysis Study, The ICFAI Journal of Corporate Governance, Volume 2, No. 4, pp. 7-18 Analyzed the CG reporting practices of 30 selected Indian companies listed in BSE. The CG section of the annual reports for the years 2001-02 and 2002-03 had been analyzed by using the content analysis, and least square regression technique was used for data analysis. The study found variations in the reporting practices of the companies, and in certain cases, omission of mandatory requirements as per Clause 49. 2004 Bushman, Piotroski, and Smith Bushman, R. M., Piotroski, J. D., and Smith, A. J. 2004. What determines corporate transparency? Journal of Accounting Research 42: 207-252. Define corporate transparency as the availability of firm-specific information to outside investors and stakeholders. Furthermore, they argue that the availability of information is critical to resource allocation decisions and economic s growth. 2005 Collett and Hrasky Collett P., and Hrasky S. (2005). Voluntary Disclosure of Corporate Governance Practices by Listed Australian Companies, Journal of Corporate Governance: An International Review, Volume 13, No.2, pp.188-196. Analyzed the relationships between voluntary disclosure of CG information by the companies and their intention to raise capital in the financial market. The study found out that only 29 Australian companies made voluntary CG disclosure, and the degree of disclosures were varied from company to company. 2005 Bhattacharyya and Rao Bhattacharyya, Asish K and Sadhalaxmi Vivek Rao (2005), Economic Impact of Regulation on Corporate Governance: Evidence from India Examined whether adoption of Clause 49 predicts lower volatility and returns for large Indian firms, they compare a one-year period after adoption (starting June 1, 2001) to a similar period before adoption (starting June 1, 1998). The logic is that Clause 49 should improve disclosure and thus reduce information asymmetry and thereby reduce share price volatility. 2006 Barako et al. Barako D. G., Hancock Phil and Izan H.Y. (2006), Factors Influencing Voluntary Corporate Disclosure by Kenyan Companies, Corporate Governance: An International Review, Volume 14, No.2, pp. 107-125. Examined the extent of voluntary disclosure by the Kenyan companies over and above the mandatory requirements. The results revealed that the audit committee was a significant factor associated with level of voluntary disclosure, while the proportion of non-executive directors on the board was negatively associated. 2006 Subramanian Subramanian S. (2006), Management Control and Differences in Disclosure Levels: The Indian Scenario, The ICFAI Journal of Corporate Governance, Volume 5, No. 1, pp. 16-33. He identified the differences in disclosure pattern of financial information and governance attributes. The study used the Standard Poors Transparency and Disclosure Survey Questionnaire for collection of data. The study finally concluded that there were no differences in disclosure pattern of public/private sector companies, as far as financial transparency and information disclosure were concerned. 2006 Kamal, Al-Hussaini, Al-Kwari and Nuseibeh Kamal, N., Al-Hussaini, A., Al-Kwari, D., Nuseibeh, R. (2006). Determinants of corporate social disclosure in developing countries: The case of Qatar. Advances in International Accounting, 19, 1ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢23. The study examined to test the validity of theories employed in the literature to explain variation in the extent of corporate voluntary disclosure within the corporate social disclosure context under Qatari companies. The findings indicate that variations in corporate social disclosure by the sampled Qatari companies are associated with the firm size, business risk and corporate growth. 2008 Aljifri Aljifri, K. (2008). Annual report disclosure in a developing country: The case of the UEA. Advances in Accounting, 24, 93ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢100. Examined the extent of disclosure in annual reports of 31 listed firms in the UAE and also determined the underlying factors that affect the level of disclosures. The study hypothesized that four main factors would affect the extent of disclosure in the UAE, namely, the sector type (banks, insurance, industrial, and service), size (assets), debt-equity ratio, and profitability. Findings indicated that significant differences were found among sectors; however, the size, the debt-equity ratio, and the profitability were found to have insignificant association with the level of disclosure. 2009 Bala N balasubramanan (2009) Bala Subramananan , Bernard S. Black (2009) Firm level corporate governace in emerging markets a case study of India, www.ssrn.com Studied the corporate governance practices of firms in India prior to clause 49 of listing agreement made mandatory to all listed companies. He provided a detailed overview of the practices of publicly traded firms in India, and identified areas where governance practices are relatively strong or weak, relative to developed countries. Also examined whether there is a cross-sectional relationship between measures of governance and measures of firm performance Found evidence of a positive relationship for an overall governance index and for an index covering shareholder rights. The association is stronger for more profitable firms and firms with stronger growth opportunities. 2009 Madan Lal Bhasin Madan Lal Bhasin (2009) Corporate governance disclosure practices A portrait of developing countries, International Journal of Business and Management, www.ssrn.com Analyzed the CG disclosure practices in India using the secondary sources of information, both from the Report on CG and the Annual Report of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) for the financial year 2008-2009. In order to ascertain how far this company is compliant of CG standards, a point-value-system has been applied which shown very good performance, with an overall score of 85 points and conclude that RIL group is in the forefront of implementation of best CG practices in India. 2010 James C. Spindler James C. SpindlerÃÆ'Æ’- This draft: January 23, 2010, IPO Underpricing, Disclosure, and Litigation Risk He provides support for these theories and suggests a causal mechanism for why prospectus disclosure does not eliminate information asymmetry. He find that Consistent with the asymmetric information theories, U.S. IPO underpricing is a negative function of the amount of prospectus disclosure, and The amount of prospectus disclosure may be limited by threat of subsequent legal liability.

How to Make PowerPoint Presentations More Effective

How to Make PowerPoint Presentations More EffectiveFor the most part, business owners have been able to benefit from PowerPoint presentations. These documents are used by large corporations and high-powered businesses for business presentations. It is easy to make PowerPoint presentations using the software, but you can make the documents more effective by understanding the use of the software in your business. Here are a few tips to help you do just that.Deliver your PowerPoint presentation - PowerPoint tools are very powerful and can save a lot of time if you get it right. In order to deliver a good quality PowerPoint presentation to your audience, you need to have a well-designed and organized document. This means you should make sure that you are capable of delivering a great PowerPoint presentation. Use large photos, graphs, charts, and diagrams to draw attention to the key points in your presentation. Start with the core elements first so that the document will have a smoother flow.Focus on one task at a time - One of the biggest mistakes people make when they deliver PowerPoint presentations is that they jump from one task to another. When doing so, they end up forgetting some important information that they had initially focused on. You need to stay focused on one thing at a time. For example, you can deliver a three-minute video presentation followed by a 30 minute PowerPoint slide show.Pick a presenter - Once you have done all the preparation to deliver a PowerPoint presentation, choose a presenter. You want to make sure that the presenter is passionate about the subject and can explain the subject to your audience. Remember that you are not delivering the speech in front of the audience. Your presenter needs to be as enthusiastic as possible.Go over your presentation - PowerPoint presentations are not finished until you are done with it. Take your time and go over your presentation to make sure that there are no mistakes that could be corrected. You also want to make sure that the presentation is cohesive and professional, as this is what people are looking for when they see your PowerPoint.Give out as much information as possible - If you are presenting a PowerPoint, don't let anyone wait in the wings to ask questions. Show the audience members the slides and get their feedback. Make sure that they know all the information on the slide and that they understand it.Using the PowerPoint services and tools in your business can help you deliver a great presentation to your audience. With the proper use of the software, you can make your presentations more effective and come across as a professional.

John Adams Essay example - 1315 Words

John Adams John Adams was criticized during his presidency by his enemies as well as his colleagues. Obviously, his reputation as president doesnt really bring a positive thought to ones head. But does John Adams deserve a better reputation as the president of the United States? He just did not do a very good job when it came to picking his cabinet. His colleagues messed up his reputation. On the other hand, a newspaper called the Aurora, which was publicized in Philadelphia during his presidency, continually heaped abuse upon Adams. They claimed that he was all words, but no action. Most of the country felt this way about him when it came to the issue with the war with France. John Adams was not a very popular president of his time.†¦show more content†¦It is quite obvious that George Washington had a much better cabinet than Adams did. John Adams cabinet was not nearly as witty or as intelligent than the one of Washington. Obviously, Mr. Adams did not do too good of a job on choosing his colleagues. During John Adams presidency, he ran into the biggest problem in foreign policy. The French were attacking American shipping. Hoping to resolve the problem, Adams sent Charles Pinckney, who was the United States minister to France, John Marshall, a Virginian federalist, and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts. The mission was a total disaster. Charles Maurice de Tolleyrand-Perigod, the French foreign minister, sent three agents who demanded a bribe of 250,000 dollars as the price for making a deal. The Americans went ballistic. No, no, not a sixpence was Charles Pinckneys response to the agents. This later became known as the XYZ affair. The talks of negotiations disappeared and all of a sudden there was the possibility of war. Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute had become the national slogan. Just three months after Adams had become president, he called in congress together for measures of defense to be taken immediately. He did not want to wait any longer. He had asked for a provisional army.(Ellis Langgeth) He also asked for the officers to be commissioned and for recruiting to begin. However, he did not call for an establishment of a large, professional army. Throughout the two years thatShow MoreRelated John Adams Essay2173 Words   |  9 Pages John Adams John Adams was born on October 30, 1735, in Massachusetts Bay. He was born in a well-to-do family of five. He is the eldest son and was named after his father, John Adams. Young Adams was able to receive a proper childhood education, as his father was a deacon of the Congregational church, as well as a lieutenant of the local militia. Despite his busy schedule, his main interest and occupation was farming. At 1761, Adams’ father passed away due to the flu epidemic. 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A Client On Developing A Social Media / Networking Strategy

When I work with a client on developing a social media/networking strategy we focus on three of the available networking sites: Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn. Out of the three LinkedIn is still the one that provides the most opportunity for small businesses. Let’s take a look at some of the advantages LinkedIn offers: An Impressive Membership 50% are college graduate (another 30% have attended college) 50%+ are decision makers in their companies If you’re looking for a financially qualified prospect you’ve come to the right place. Expand and Enhance Your Networking Networking has been a staple for most business people throughout the years. LinkedIn doesn’t replace face-to-face networking but it can enhance it. Once you walk out of a meeting you are able to connect the person instantly to build a connection and to keep in touch. It is a great way to pursue business to your potential clients. Identify Prospects or Potential Employees Most businesses rely on sales people to develop new prospects. The difference between a failing business and a successful one is often the ability to find and develop new prospects. LinkedIn allows you to search for members that fit specific criteria. Looking to fill a business development position with software sales experience in Denver, you can identify individuals to target. Once you identify the individual that you are looking for you have access to their profile. You can learn a lot by reading a person’s profile and have an idea ofShow MoreRelatedOpportunities And Risks Of Social Media Essay902 Words   |  4 Pagesrisks of social media/network in businesses using social media/ network as marketing? †¢ What steps should an enterrizes notice before to slecting social media as a marketing? 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Genocide is a mass killing of a group of people. One...

Genocide is a mass killing of a group of people. One genocide that is very well known is the Holocaust. The Jewish civilization was involved with this genocide; they were the victims. They were targeted, treated terribly (beaten, tortured, and killed in a number of ways), and this event has affected them since then and will always have an impact on their lives. One of many genocides to occur happened in Rwanda. It is located in east-central Africa with a population of seven million. There were three ethnic groups: the Hutus, the Tutsis, and the Twa; but the population was mainly composed of Hutus and Tutsis. This genocide occurred between April and August of 1994. The Rwandan genocide is considered a â€Å"silent genocide† because it†¦show more content†¦On April 6, 1994 a missile shot down a plane with the president of Rwanda inside; the person who fired the missile is still unknown. This signaled a scheme to annihilate the entire Tutsi population by Hutu extremists (Rwanda. United). Once the Hutus started their retaliation, dehumanization began and violence spread quickly. The Hutus slaughtered many Tutsis in retribution; the Tutsis were brutally murdered in a number of ways. The killings spread quickly, from towns to churches and even to schools. The Tutsis were massacred in their homes, in fields, along roads, and even as they tried to hid in bushes. The Hutus murdered the Tutsis with axes and stones, clubs and machetes, and firearms and explosives. It was like an open battlefield; the Hutus killed many Tutsis, and age didn’t matter at this period. Ten year olds killed ten year olds, and Hutu mothers killed Tutsi mothers; some mothers even had babies on their backs as they were killing the other. With all these tragic events happening, teenage girls were raped. There were quite a few killings in churches also. Hutu throngs would gather into the church and beat terrified women and children to death (DeSouza). The corpses were left on t he roads; in the countryside, dead bodies were covered with banana leaves. Over the radio in Rwanda the killers were encouraged as long as they didn’t leave the bodies on the road (Rwanda 1994). The Hutus in this genocide killed the approximate ofShow MoreRelatedRwanda And Belgium : Rwanda977 Words   |  4 PagesRwanda and Belgium When atrocities take place in the world, society tends to forget and move on without proper historical reasoning, this is what took place in Rwanda. Before the colonization by Germany and Belgium, Rwanda was divided into two prominent groups. The elite Tutsi, and the Hutu, who were peasant farmers. Due to competition, greed, and envy every European Nation wanted to divide and conquer Africa for themselves. 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There are many factors that have contributed to the reconstruction of Rwanda, including international assistance, gacaca courts and International Criminal TribunalRead MoreEssay on Rwanda Genocide Compared with Hotel Rwanda2521 Words   |  11 Pages‘efficient genocide’ in history, occurred in a mere 100 days in the small central African country of Rwanda. The Hutus and the Tutsis, two ethnic groups within Rwanda, have been at continual unrest for the past half a century. During the 100 day massacre of 1994, a murder occurred every two seconds; resulting in 18% of the Tutsi population being killed. A decade after t he war, in 2004, the film Hotel Rwanda was released. The film followed the story of a Hutu man; Paul Rusesabagina as he housed overRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwanda Essay2065 Words   |  9 Pages In 1994, Rwanda was a situation of hatred and revenge tailored by European influence that mixed together to form the recipe for Genocide. 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According to the documentary Ghosts of Rwanda, in 1994, Rwanda experienced a premeditated, systematic and state sponsored genocide with the aimRead MoreReforming Rwanda Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesReforming Rwanda Reforming Rwanda is not an easy task and cannot be accomplished overnight. The need for reform is unavoidable in Rwanda. Throughout this country’s history there have been many cases of civil unrest and violence. Perhaps the most recognized event in Rwanda was the genocide of 1994. The issues leading up to the killings, the genocide itself, and the changes made after are all important to Rwanda’s future and its ability to reform. Rwanda’s Civil War began on October 2, 1990 andRead MoreThe Rwanda Genocide Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesthe characteristics of the Rwanda Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust. The Rwanda Genocide targeted the Tutsis because of their ethnicity, while the Holocaust targeted the Jews because of their ethnicity and religion. To really understand the Rwandan Genocide and the Final Solution, one must understand the background of the two exterminated peoples. The Tutsis are an ethnic group that resides in the African Great Lakes region. During the Europeans settlements in Rwanda, the colonists need an identifierRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Rwanda Genocide1629 Words   |  7 Pagesgenocide can be various, violent, confused, or blank, it can scar the mind indefinitely or not. Not only are the conductors of the kill-spree are scary, but even the victims can be just as terrifying. Two examples of genocide are the Holocaust and the Rwanda Genocide, both of which gives off long ranges of psychological effects on the mind of those who survive. Survivors struggle through the tragic events with the hope they would soon find and be with their loved ones. So how does a survivor survive the

Feminist Theory And Feminist Theory - 901 Words

A common theme has emerged from the past readings. Feminist theory and intersectionality. I have taken some Women’s studies courses before so I am familiar with feminist theory. Intersectionality is trickier for me as I am a white, female, privilege Canadian woman who has not faced any oppressions for what I look like. The only oppressions I face are for being a woman and there is no intersectionality with having only one oppression. I will explore both feminist theory and intersectionality and finish off with battered womens syndrome in this paper as well as talk about my own personal experiences and how they relate to the course. Feminist theory is a theory that tries to see women’s issues as individualistic and that all women†¦show more content†¦All skills and experiences are learned, no matter what biological factors there are. The next topic of intersectionality is one I am less familiar with. I don’t experience a lot of intersectionality other then I am a female that suffers from a mental illness. I also don’t have a nuclear family; but none of these come close to the issues suffered by women of color, or women of a different sexual identity. Intersectionality is important in social work because we have such a diverse demographic of people (disabled, vulnerable, children, etc.) that it’s important to remember how oppressions work in conjunctions and become individualistic personalities. It’s also important for social work as you should be trying to combat these oppressions where you can, â€Å"The colonial devaluing of aboriginal people is manifested in child welfare practices where aboriginal children are given to specialist [white] families† (Ross, pg. 123) realizing that in social work practice, some issues might be systemic in nature and you should work to overcome t hose bias that people have. The more oppression someone has, the more intersectionality applies to them; but this isn’t supposed to be the oppression Olympics either. Just because someone is black and disabled doesn’t mean they have more oppression than a queer woman. This pertains to my own life because I am very privileged and I remember finding out someone in my high school class didn’t have a car in grade 12, which was surprisingShow MoreRelatedFeminist Theory : A Feminist Life1591 Words   |  7 PagesWriter, feminist theorist, and professor Sara Ahmed wrote Living a Feminist Life alongside her blog feministkilljoys.com. She started writing it before and completed it after her resignation in 2016 from her post as director of the Centre for Feminist Research at Goldsmiths at the University of London after a lengthy struggle to hold the school accountable for incidents of sexual harassment on campus (Ahmed, n.d.). Her resignation, and location both in and ou t of the academy informed a lot of theRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1245 Words   |  5 Pageseffect change in the world when only half of it is invited to feel welcome to participate in the conversation ( Watson, 2014). In the feminist perspective, which is an extension of feminism, there is support of equality for both women and men. Feminism is a belief that women and men have equal rights and opportunities. There are many different branches in the feminist perspective, one of the most interesting one is intersectional feminism. Intersectional feminism believes that experiences of classRead MoreThe Exploration Of Feminist Theory Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory focused on is the exploration of feminist theory developed by Mary Wollstonecraft in the 1790’s. The traditional interpretation of this theory is based on the common ideology of feminism within the Communication world. 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However, this literature review will not explore the connections of animal studies within queer theory due to insufficient research,Read MoreFeminism And The Postmodern Feminist Theory1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe evolution of feminist theory from a modern to a postmoder n viewpoint stands to correct the injustices of historically liberal feminism. For some time, grand narratives have governed the ideas of self and gender from a single experience of â€Å"man†. Traditionally, modern feminism aimed to eradicate the hegemonic theory of inferiority by women to the male gender. Postmodern feminism aspires to eliminate categories of gender altogether, for the social construct of gender is considered to disregardRead MoreFeminist Theory Applied to Hamlet2809 Words   |  12 PagesRepresenting Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism Elaine Showalter Though she is neglected in criticism, Ophelia is probably the most frequently illustrated and cited of Shakespeare’s heroines. Her visibility as a subject in literature, popular culture, and painting, from Redon who paints her drowning, to Bob Dylan, who places her on Desolation Row, to Cannon Mills, which has named a flowery sheet pattern after her, is in inverse relation to her invisibility inRead MoreFeminism Final Exam : Feminist Theory1851 Words   |  8 PagesAlonia Lewis Prof Barnes Feminism Final Exam May 4, 2016 In feminist theory there are two ways to study and research epistemology. There is the Essentialist (standpoint) theory and there is the Social constructivist (post structuralist). The essentialist epistemology is to view certain roles as being the way they are because that is the way that nature has intended it to be. While the post structuralist standpoint is viewing knowledge as if it is all man made. It is to say that everything is